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Être or avoir in the passé composé?

Most French verbs form the passé composé with avoir. A short list of verbs of movement and change of state, and every reflexive verb, take être instead. Here is the rule, the full list, and what changes when the auxiliary is être.

The rule in one line

Use avoir by default: j'ai mangé, nous avons fini, ils ont pris. Use être for the verbs in the list below and for reflexive verbs: je suis allé, elle est partie, nous nous sommes levés.

The verbs that take être: DR MRS VANDERTRAMP

English-speaking learners remember them with the acronym DR MRS VANDERTRAMP, one letter per verb. Most describe a movement or a change of state: coming and going, going up and down, being born and dying.

Letter Verb Participe passé Meaning
D devenir devenu to become
R revenir revenu to come back
M monter monté to go up
R rester resté to stay
S sortir sorti to go out
V venir venu to come
A aller allé to go
N naître né to be born
D descendre descendu to go down
E entrer entré to enter
R rentrer rentré to go home
T tomber tombé to fall
R retourner retourné to return
A arriver arrivé to arrive
M mourir mort to die
P partir parti to leave

Their derived verbs follow the same rule: devenir and revenir like venir, rentrer like entrer. Another way to picture them is a house: you arrive, entre, monte the stairs, descend, sort, part…

Reflexive verbs always take être

Every verb used with a reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nous, vous) forms its passé composé with être: je me suis réveillé, elle s'est habillée, nous nous sommes promenés.

With être, the participe passé agrees

With être, the participe passé agrees with the subject like an adjective: add -e for a feminine subject, -s for a plural one, -es for a feminine plural.

aller

  • je suis allé(e)
  • tu es allé(e)
  • il/elle est allé(e)
  • nous sommes allé(e)s
  • vous êtes allé(e)s
  • ils/elles sont allé(e)s

partir

  • je suis parti(e)
  • tu es parti(e)
  • il/elle est parti(e)
  • nous sommes parti(e)s
  • vous êtes parti(e)s
  • ils/elles sont parti(e)s

Il est allé, elle est allée, ils sont allés, elles sont allées. With avoir, the participe passé does not agree with the subject: elle a mangé, elles ont mangé.

Verbs that take both

Monter, descendre, sortir, rentrer, retourner and passer take avoir when they have a direct object, and then change meaning:

Practise it

The best way to stop hesitating is to choose the auxiliary in real sentences. Try the passé composé exercises, or read the full passé composé guide.

Practise with Conjupi

Fill in real French sentences, see the right form in red when you slip, and let the verbs you miss come back until they stick. Works offline, no account.

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